Internet, Networking, & Security Home Networking 443 443 people found this article helpful 127.0.0.1 IP Address Explained An explanation of the loopback IP address/localhost by Bradley Mitchell Writer An MIT graduate who brings years of technical experience to articles on SEO, computers, and wireless networking. our editorial process LinkedIn Bradley Mitchell Updated on April 14, 2020 reviewed by Ryan Perian Lifewire Tech Review Board Member Ryan Perian is a certified IT specialist who holds numerous IT certifications and has 12+ years' experience working in the IT industry support and management positions. our review board Article reviewed on Feb 16, 2020 Ryan Perian Home Networking ISP The Wireless Connection Routers & Firewalls Network Hubs Broadband Ethernet Installing & Upgrading Wi-Fi & Wireless Tweet Share Email The IP address 127.0.0.1 is a special-purpose IPv4 address and is called the localhost or loopback address. All computers use this address as their own, but it doesn't let computers communicate with other devices as a real IP address does. Your computer might have the 192.168.1.115 private IP address assigned to it so that it can communicate with a router and other networked devices. However, it still attaches the special 127.0.0.1 address as something like an alias to mean, in networking terms, this computer. The loopback address is only used by the computer you're on, and only for special circumstances—unlike a regular IP address that transfers files to and from other networked devices. For example, a web server running on a computer can point to 127.0.0.1 so that the pages run locally and test before it's deployed. How 127.0.0.1 Works All messages generated by TCP/IP application software contain IP addresses for their intended recipients. TCP/IP recognizes 127.0.0.1 as a special IP address. The protocol checks each message before sending it to the physical network. Then, it automatically re-routes any messages with a destination of 127.0.0.1 back to the receiving end of the TCP/IP stack. To improve network security, TCP/IP also checks incoming messages arriving on routers or other network gateways and discards any that contain loopback IP addresses. This doublecheck prevents a network attacker from disguising their traffic as coming from a loopback address. Application software typically uses this loopback feature for local testing purposes. Messages sent to loopback IP addresses like 127.0.0.1 do not reach outside to the local area network. Instead, messages are delivered directly to the TCP/IP and receive queues as if they had arrived from an outside source. Loopback messages contain a destination port number in addition to the address. Applications can use these port numbers to subdivide test messages into multiple categories. Localhost and IPv6 Loopback Addresses The name localhost also carries a special meaning in computer networking used in conjunction with 127.0.0.1. Computer operating systems maintain an entry in their host's files associating a name with the loopback address. This practice helps applications create loopback messages using a name rather than a hard-coded number. Internet Protocol v6 implements the same concept of a loopback address as IPv4. Instead of 127.0.0.01, IPv6 represents its loopback address as ::1 (0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001) and, unlike IPv4, it does not allocate a range of addresses for this purpose. 127.0.0.1 vs. Other Special IP Addresses IPv4 reserves all addresses in the range 127.0.0.0 up to 127.255.255.255 for use in loopback testing, although 127.0.0.1 is (by convention) the loopback address used in almost all cases. Check out our summary of IP Classes, Broadcast, and Multicast for more information about special IPv4 address ranges. 127.0.0.1 and other 127.0.0.0 network addresses do not belong to any of the private IP address ranges defined in IPv4. Individual addresses in those private ranges can be dedicated to local network devices and used for inter-device communication, whereas 127.0.0.1 cannot. People studying computer networking sometimes confuse 127.0.0.1 with the address 0.0.0.0. While both have special meanings in IPv4, 0.0.0.0 does not provide any loopback functionality.